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Alexander I ((ロシア語:Александр Павлович), Aleksandr Pavlovich; – ,〔During Alexander's life time Russia used the Julian calendar (Old Style), but unless otherwise stated, any date in this article uses the Gregorian Calendar (New Style) — see the article "Old Style and New Style dates" for a more detailed explanation.〕〔He was sometimes called Alexander the Blessed Troubetzkoy, Alexis S. (2002). ''Imperial Legend: The Mysterious Disappearance of Tsar Alexander I.'' Arcade Publishing, p. 7, p. 205 and p. 258. ISBN 1-55970-608-2〕〔Maiorova, Olga (2010). ''From the Shadow of Empire: Defining the Russian Nation through Cultural Mythology, 1855–1870.'' University of Wisconsin Press, p. 114. ISBN〕 or possibly 1864〔〔(Russian tsar 'lived secretly as monk in Siberia' for decades after history books say he died ). ''Siberian Times''. 2015-07-24.〕), reigned as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825. He was the first Russian King of Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland. He was born in Saint Petersburg to Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, later Emperor Paul I, and succeeded to the throne after his father was murdered. He ruled Russia during the chaotic period of the Napoleonic Wars. As prince and emperor, Alexander often used liberal rhetoric, but continued Russia's absolutist policies in practice. In the first years of his reign, he initiated some minor social reforms and, in 1803-04, major, liberal educational reforms. He promised constitutional reforms and a desperately needed reform of serfdom in Russia but made no concrete proposals and nothing happened. In the second half of his reign he was increasingly arbitrary, reactionary and fearful of plots against him; he ended many earlier reforms. He purged schools of foreign teachers, as education became more religiously oriented as well as politically conservative.〔Franklin A. Walker, "Enlightenment and Religion in Russian Education in the Reign of Tsar Alexander I," ''History of Education Quarterly'' (1992) 32#3 pp. 343-360 (in JSTOR )〕 In foreign policy, he switched Russia back and forth four times in 1804-1812 from neutral peacemaker to anti-Napoleon to an ally of Napoleon, winding up in 1812 as Napoleon’s enemy. In 1805, he joined Britain in the War of the Third Coalition against Napoleon, but after the massive defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz he switched and formed an alliance with Napoleon by the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) and joined Napoleon's Continental System. He fought a small-scale naval war against Britain, 1807-12. He and Napoleon could never agree, especially about Poland, and the alliance collapsed by 1810. The tsar's greatest triumph came in 1812 as Napoleon's invasion of Russia proved a total disaster for the French. As part of the winning coalition against Napoleon he gained some spoils in Finland and Poland. He formed the Holy Alliance to suppress revolutionary movements in Europe that he saw as immoral threats to legitimate Christian monarchs. He helped Austria's Klemens von Metternich in suppressing all national and liberal movements. His reign also saw the conquering and forced cession of what is now Georgia, Dagestan, and much of Azerbaijan from Persia into the Russian Empire,〔Timothy C. Dowling (''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond'' ) pp 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1598849484〕 following the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and the outcoming Treaty of Gulistan.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Noxçiyçö )〕 Alexander died without issue and after great confusion that included the failed Decembrist revolt of liberal army officers, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Nicholas I. ==Early life== Alexander and his younger brother Constantine were raised by their grandmother, Catherine the Great.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Alexander I )〕 Some sources〔McGrew (1992), 184.〕 allege that she planned to remove her son (Alexander's father) Paul I from the succession altogether. From the free-thinking atmosphere of the court of Catherine and his Swiss tutor, Frédéric-César de La Harpe, he imbibed the principles of Rousseau's gospel of humanity. But from his military governor, Nikolay Saltykov, he imbibed the traditions of Russian autocracy. Andrey Afanasyevich Samborsky, whom his grandmother chose for his religious instruction, was an atypical, unbearded Orthodox priest. Samborsky had long lived in England and taught Alexander (and Constantine) excellent English, very uncommon for potential Russian autocrats at the time. On 9 October 1793, when Alexander was still 15 years old, he married 14-year-old Louise of Baden, who took the name Elizabeth Alexeievna. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alexander I of Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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